9/13/2023 0 Comments Rita haney nud![]() Similarly, some studies in human cohorts have shown that females escalated their intake of opioids or stimulant drugs more rapidly than males, but several other studies have not. Regarding sex as a biological variable, data from rodent models are inconclusive due to conflicting results: some such studies have shown that female rats escalate their intake of opioids or stimulant drugs more than male rats, but a large number of other studies have not. Prevention of overdose death requires the identification of vulnerability factors, which are thought to include sex and age. This was due in part to increases in the distribution of synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, and their use to lace other drugs, including illicit preparations disguised as prescription opioid analgesics, stimulant medications, or benzodiazepines. This increase has accelerated since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 and thereafter) for fentanyl and its analogs and stimulants such as methamphetamine, but not heroin, prescription opioids, or methadone. Overdose deaths due to opioids (such as fentanyl and heroin), or stimulant drugs (such as methamphetamine and cocaine) have increased in recent years in the United States. These results call for research into diverse biological, behavioral, and social factors that underlie sex differences in human vulnerability to drug overdose. Results indicate that males are significantly more vulnerable than females to overdose deaths caused by opioid and stimulant drugs, taking into account differing state-level environmental conditions and drug misuse levels. ![]() With data stratified in 10-year age bins, the sex difference generally survived adjustment (especially in the 25–64 age range). The mean male/female sex ratio of mortality rate was relatively stable across jurisdictions: synthetic opioids (2.5 ), heroin, (2.9, psychostimulants (2.4 ), and cocaine (2.8 ). For all these drug categories, males had greater overall overdose mortality than females, after controlling for rates of drug misuse. Multiple linear regressions controlled for ethnic-cultural background, household net worth, and sex-specific rate of misuse (from NSDUH, 2018-9). The outcome measure was rate of overdose death (per 100,000) for: synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl), heroin, psychostimulants with potential for misuse (e.g., methamphetamine), and cocaine. This was a state-level analysis of epidemiological data on overdose mortality, across 10-year age bins (age range: 15–74), using the CDC WONDER platform for decedents in the United States in 2020–1. It is unclear if there are stable sex differences in overdose mortality for these drugs across states, whether these differ across the lifespan, and if so, whether they can be accounted for by different levels of drug misuse. ![]() Drug overdoses from opioids and stimulants are a major cause of mortality in the United States.
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